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🔷 TOPIC (ix) — DEMOGRAPHY — CENSUS, ITS FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS

Syllabus topic (ix) of 10 · runs until Topic (x)

Covers: Demography & demographic transition · the population cycle · types of demography · four stages of Indian demographic history · Census — features & functions · background of the Census of India · Census 2011 data · ➕ added: national headline figures and Nagaland's negative growth 🎯 Asked in the papers: 2024 · Q79 — a feature of the census → Simultaneity · 2022 · Q40 — highest negative decadal growth → Nagaland · 2022 · Q36 — demographic sex ratio

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Demography: Derived from two Greek words

• "Demos" — "the people"
• "Graphy" — Recording / writing / measuring something.

Study of population of a country or place. Term "Demography" $\rightarrow$ Guillard (1855) Father of "Demography" $\rightarrow$ John Graunt (Natural & Political observation (1662))

Deals with $\rightarrow$ Fertility, Marriage, Mortality, Migration, Social mobility. Mainly deals with: Migration, Birth rate, Death rate.

1. Demography and Demographic Transition

1.1 Demographic Transition

Shift from high birth rate and high infant death rate to low birth rate and low infant death rate with minimum education & technology.

1.2 Demographic Transition Model (Population Cycle)

It shows the growth rates in populations and effect on population. Divided in four stages:

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Stage 1 - High Fluctuating (High stationary)

• Both Birth rate and Death rate are both high. * Population growth slow and fluctuating.

Stage 2 — Early Expanding

• Birth rate remains high, Death rate falls. * Population begins to rise steadily.

Stage 3 — Late Expanding

• Birth rate starts to fall. Death rate starts to fall. * Population rising.

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Stage 4 — Low Fluctuating (low stationary)

• Birth rate and Death rate both low. * Population steady. e.g.: USA, Sweden, Japan, Britain.

Stage 5 — Declining stage. BR < DR (Germany, Hungary).

• Model Assumes all countries pass through all four stages.
• Assumes fall in death rate in stage (2) is because of Industrialisation.
• Countries that grew as a consequence of emigration did not pass through early stages of model (USA, Canada, Australia).

Demographic Dividend: When the working population of a country is more than non-working population. A.K.A (Demographic Bonus) Demographic Burden: Working population is less than non-working population. Doubling time: It is number of years required to double the population of a country / Area at a given growth rate.

Father of "Demographic studies" — Karl Marx

2. Types of Demography

**1. Formal Demography ** Mathematical study / statistical Analysis - of numbers (population). e.g. No. of males / No. of Females, No. of employed / unemployed people.

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**2. Social Demography ** Deals with the changes and consequences due to population. e.g.: Birth rate, Death rate, emigration etc.

3. Four Stages of Indian Demographic History

1. Period of stagnant Population (1901-1921) (Population more or less stagnant) $\downarrow$
2. Period of steady Growth (1921-1951) (More than 1% Growth rate / year) $\times$ Fertility $\downarrow$ Mortality. $\downarrow$
3. Period of Rapid High Growth (1951-1981) (Growth rate > 2% / year) $\rightarrow$ Period of population Explosion $\downarrow$
4. Period of High Growth with definite signs of slowing down. (1981-2011) 2.22% (1971) $\rightarrow$ 1.64% (2011) $\rightarrow$ world (1.23% GR)

* 1921 $\rightarrow$ Year of Great Demographic Divide. (After this, there was continuous increase in population).

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4. Census

Complete enumeration method which systematically records information about the members of given population. e.g; Housing, culture, Business, Agriculture etc.

4.1 Features of the Census

**(1) Sponsorship ** National Govt / State Govt / Local Bodies. **(2) Defined Territory ** Clear Demarcation of Area. **(3) Well Defined Periodicity ** Done after regular intervals to compare and Analyse Information. **(4) Universality ** Include each person without the territory without redundancy. **(5) Compilation and Publication ** Filtering and presentation of useful data and publishing it for potential users. **(6) Dissemination ** Getting right data for right people. **(7) International simultanity ** compared with other countries.

[!fix] ⚠️ DEFINITION CHECK — "Simultaneity" 2024·Q79 asked for a feature of the census and the answer was "Simultaneity." The gloss above ("compared with other countries") is not the standard meaning. ⭐ Simultaneity = every person is enumerated with reference to the SAME point in time (a single reference moment), so the count is a true snapshot. That is what makes it a census feature. ❗ Also absent from this list: "Individual Enumeration" — each person is recorded separately — which is one of the six standard UN census features and a likely option.

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4.2 Functions of the Census

(1) For Administrative purpose and Policy Making: Used to analyse population of area for employment programs, housing, Education, social welfare schemes, economic aspects etc. (2) For Research purpose: Used the solution and interpretation of scientific problems. (3) For social and economic planning of the country: * Gender classification, Urban Vs Rular classification etc. (4) Utility in Business and Industrial sector: Demand and Supply Analysis.

4.3 Background of the Census of India

(U.S.A (1790) First modern census)

• In 1830 (Dacca) First census was done $\downarrow$ (Henry Walter) Father of undivided India
• 1872 $\rightarrow$ First Indegenious census (Lord Mayo) $\rightarrow$ V.G of India
• 1881 $\rightarrow$ First synchronous population census. (Lord Rippon) $\rightarrow$ V.G of India 1st. Census commissioner $\downarrow$ W.C Plowden (Father of Indian census 1931 $\rightarrow$ First caste based census of India. (Hutton - commissioner) $\rightarrow$ Caste in India (1946).

1961 $\rightarrow$ MHA $\rightarrow$ RGCCI (Registrar General & census commissioner of India) $\downarrow$ Present - Vivek Joshi

15th census (1872) (7th after independence) Census 2011 (Our census, our future) RGCCI - Dr. Chandramauli Mascot: Women Enumerator (stick figure)

• No. of states and UTs $\rightarrow$ (35)
• Districts $\rightarrow$ 640 (Increased by 47 from 2001)
• Towns $\rightarrow$ 7,933 ($\uparrow$ by 2772 from 2001)
• No. of villages $\rightarrow$ 6,40,930 ($\uparrow$ 2342 from 2001)
• Total Population $\rightarrow$ 1,21,05,69,573 $\hookrightarrow$ Urban (68.8%) $\hookrightarrow$ Rural (31.2%)
• Child Sex Ratio (0-6 year) $\rightarrow$ 919 $\hookrightarrow$ Rural (923) $\hookrightarrow$ Urban (905)
• Sex Ratio $\rightarrow$ 940 / thousand males.
• Density (Pop) $\rightarrow$ 382 person / $Km^2$.
• Decadal pop. Growth $\rightarrow$ 17.64%.
• India's total pop. of world $\rightarrow$ 17.5%.
• Literacy rate $\rightarrow$ 74.04%.
• India pop. $>$ USA + Indonesia + Brazil + Pakistan + Bangladesh.

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5. World Rankings

5.1 By Population

China (19.4% WP) $\xrightarrow{2030}$ India (17.5% WP) $>$ USA (4.5%) $>$ Indonesia $>$ Brazil

5.2 By Area

Russia $>$ Canada $>$ China $>$ US $>$ Brazil $>$ Australia $>$ India (7th rank)

6. Census 2011 — India Data

6.1 National Headline Figures

These were NOT in the original notes, which jump straight to the state-wise ranks. The paper asks the headline numbers too.

Other decadal-growth extremes (2001–11):

• Highest growth — state: Meghalaya (27.9%) · UT: Dadra & Nagar Haveli (55.9%)
• Lowest / negative — state: ⭐ Nagaland (−0.58%)

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6.2 By Population

**Biggest-state ** UP (16.49% of Total Population) $>$ Maharashtra $>$ Bihar **Smallest-state ** Sikkim (0.05%) **Biggest-UT ** Delhi **Smallest-UT ** Lakshadeep

Mnemonic: U S Se Dil Lagi bhool jani Padgi

6.3 By Area

**Largest-state ** Rajasthan (3,42,240 $Km^2$) **Smallest-state ** Goa (3702 $Km^2$) **Largest-UT ** Andaman & Nicobar (8249 $Km^2$) **Smallest-UT ** Lakshadeep (32 $Km^2$)

Mnemonic: Roz Ghar Ana Ladke

6.4 Sex Ratio — overall (940)

**Highest-state ** Kerala (1084) $>$ Tamil Nadu (995) **Lowest-state ** Haryana (877) **Highest-UT ** Puducherry (1038) **Lowest-UT ** Daman & Diu (618)

Mnemonic: Kash Har Ghar mein Daughter hoti

[!fix] ⚠️ FIGURE CHECK — sex ratio The heading above gives the overall 2011 sex ratio as 940. That was the PROVISIONAL figure; the FINAL Census 2011 figure is 943 females per 1,000 males. Use 943 in the exam. ⭐ Also note the convention trap: 2022·Q36 gave the ratio the other way round — (men ÷ women) × 100 = 96.70. Read the options to see which convention is intended. ❗ Missing here: Census 2011's standout fact — Nagaland was the ONLY state with NEGATIVE decadal growth (−0.58%). 2022·Q40 asked exactly this.

6.5 Literacy Rate (74.04%)

• M 82.14%
• F 65.46%

**Highest-state ** Kerala (93.91%) $>$ Mizoram (91.58%) **Smallest-state ** Bihar (63.82%) **Highest-UT ** Lakshadeep (92.28%) **Lowest-UT ** Dadra & Nagar Haveli (77.65)

Mnemonic: Koun Banega Lakhpati - Haveli

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6.6 By Urbanisation

**Most-state ** Goa (62.17%) **Least-state ** Himachal Pradesh (10.04%) **Most-UT ** Delhi (97.50%) **Least-UT ** Andaman & Nicobar (35.67%)

Mnemonic: Ghar Ho tou Delhi k Andhar

6.7 By District

Population wise:

• Biggest - Thane (Mumbai)
• Lowest - Dibang valley

Sex Ratio

• Highest — Mahe (1184) Puducherry
• Lowest — Daman (534) (D&D)

Literacy Rate:

• Highest — Serchipp (Mizoram) 98.76%
• Lowest — Ali Rajpur (M.P) (36.10%)

Census day - 1st April (FY) National Census Day - 9th Feb Population Day - 11th July

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